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31

Ga

Gallium

Atomic Mass

69.723

Element Profile

GALLIUM

Post-transition metal

CriticalGenesis 12 ActiveQ2 2026 Reviewed

Gallium is a strategic semiconductor material used in high-performance electronics, RF systems, defense, telecom, LEDs, solar cells, satellites, and power electronics.

Launch EngineView Sources
Fiji: modeled context not active yetTanzania: modeled context not active yetW. Sahara: modeled context not active yetCanada: modeled context not active yetUnited States of America: modeled supply contextKazakhstan: modeled context not active yetUzbekistan: modeled context not active yetPapua New Guinea: modeled context not active yetIndonesia: modeled context not active yetArgentina: modeled context not active yetChile: modeled context not active yetDem. Rep. Congo: modeled context not active yetSomalia: modeled context not active yetKenya: modeled context not active yetSudan: modeled context not active yetChad: modeled context not active yetHaiti: modeled context not active yetDominican Rep.: modeled context not active yetRussia: modeled supply contextBahamas: modeled context not active yetFalkland Is.: modeled context not active yetNorway: modeled context not active yetGreenland: modeled context not active yetFr. S. 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Cyprus: modeled context not active yetCyprus: modeled context not active yetMorocco: modeled context not active yetEgypt: modeled context not active yetLibya: modeled context not active yetEthiopia: modeled context not active yetDjibouti: modeled context not active yetSomaliland: modeled context not active yetUganda: modeled context not active yetRwanda: modeled context not active yetBosnia and Herz.: modeled context not active yetMacedonia: modeled context not active yetSerbia: modeled context not active yetMontenegro: modeled context not active yetKosovo: modeled context not active yetTrinidad and Tobago: modeled context not active yetS. Sudan: modeled context not active yet
Supply context: Gallium
China

Critical concentration

United States

Downstream demand

Japan / Korea

Device manufacturing

Map Legend

Critical concentration
Downstream dependency
Manufacturing / use node
Modeled dependency path

Key Takeaway

Gallium risk is elevated due to by-product supply, high processing concentration, and critical semiconductor dependencies.

Modeled intelligence. Not government data.

Gallium

Element Intelligence

How Gallium functions across real-world systems and future Periodic Engine economy layers.

Element Overview

Gallium is a strategic semiconductor material used in compound semiconductors, RF systems, power electronics, LEDs, and advanced defense and electronics applications.

GaNGaAsRF SystemsPower Electronics

Sector Exposure

Critical exposure across semiconductors, defense electronics, space systems, telecom infrastructure, advanced sensors, and energy electronics.

SemiconductorsDefenseSpaceTelecom

Supply Risk

Gallium is produced as a by-product of aluminum and zinc processing. Risk stems from processing concentration, limited primary production, and dependency chains tied to high-performance electronics.

By-product SupplyProcessing Concentration

Engine Utility

In Periodic Engine, Gallium functions as a high-leverage semiconductor input used to unlock advanced chip, RF, sensor, defense, and space hardware production.

Semiconductor InputRFDefense Hardware

Future Token Role

Gallium tokens can represent refined material inputs, strategic supply claims, production requirements, contract fulfillment inputs, and market-traded scarcity assets in a future economy layer.

Material InputSupply ClaimEconomy Layer

Company Relevance

Gallium matters most to semiconductor companies, defense electronics suppliers, space hardware companies, advanced sensor companies, and high-performance communications companies.

SemiconductorsDefense ElectronicsSpace

Modeled Intelligence Scorecard

Overall Score

86/100

↑ +4

Rising

Supply Risk

96/100

High

Elevated

Strategic Value

94/100

Very High

Future Relevance

91/100

Rising

Substitution Risk

88/100

High

Hard to replace

Industry Exposure

Very High

Multi-sector

Policy Sensitivity

High

Export-sensitive

Confidence

Medium

Reviewed

Scores are modeled intelligence scores, not official government scores.•Source-backed methodology.•Reviewed Q2 2026.

Fact Box

Chemistry

Atomic Number31
Atomic Mass69.723 u
Group13
Period4
Blockp-block
State at 20°CSolid
Melting Point29.76 °C
Boiling Point2403 °C
Density5.91 g/cm³
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹
CAS Number7440-55-3
Key Isotopes⁶⁹Ga, ⁷¹Ga

Fact Box

Strategic

Modeled StatusCritical
Genesis 12 StatusActive
Overall Score86 / 100
Supply Risk96 / 100
Substitution Risk88 / 100
Strategic Value94 / 100
Future Relevance91 / 100
Primary IndustriesSemiconductors, Defense, Telecom, Energy, Space
ReviewedQ2 2026
ConfidenceMedium

Why Gallium Matters

Gallium enables high-performance semiconductors, RF systems, and power electronics that are essential to modern digital, defense, energy, and space infrastructure.

Semiconductors

GaN and GaAs for high-performance chips

RF Electronics

5G, radar, and high-frequency systems

Defense Systems

Radar, electronic warfare, and sensors

Telecom Networks

Base stations, RF components, and filters

Space Systems

Solar cells and satellite electronics

Power Electronics

High-efficiency devices and converters

Uses & Strategic Relevance

Semiconductors

Essential for GaN and GaAs devices in high-performance chips and power electronics.

RF & Microwave

Critical for 5G, radar, satcom, and advanced wireless infrastructure.

Defense

Used in radar, EW systems, missiles, and secure communications.

Telecom

Key component in network equipment, RF filters, and amplifiers.

Space & Satellites

Enables solar cells, payloads, and satellite communication systems.

LEDs & Optoelectronics

Used in LEDs, laser diodes, and advanced display technologies.

Supply-Chain Risk

Production ConcentrationHigh
Processing ConcentrationHigh
Import ExposureHigh for most downstream users
By-product DependenceBauxite & zinc processing by-product
Recycling MaturityLimited
Substitution DifficultyHigh in key applications
Export-Control SensitivityHigh

Risk Summary

Gallium supply risk is elevated by by-product dependence, high processing concentration, and critical dependence in semiconductor and RF applications where substitutions are limited and performance-sensitive.

Supply-Chain Flow

Source

Bauxite & zinc ores

China, Germany, Kazakhstan

Recovery

Gallium recovery

By-product of aluminum smelting

Refining

High-purity gallium

China dominates refining

Manufacturing

GaN / GaAs wafers & devices

Wafer and device fabrication

End Use Systems

Chips, RF, radar, telecom, space, energy

Defense, 5G, satellites, power

By-product nature means supply is tied to broader mining and refining economics, not direct demand for gallium.

Substitution Difficulty

Use CasePossible Substitute(s)TradeoffDifficulty
RF Chips (GaN/GaAs)Si, SiCLower RF efficiency, higher power lossHigh
Power ElectronicsSiC, SiliconCost, performance, system tradeoffsMedium
LEDs / OptoelectronicsOther III-V materialsEfficiency tradeoffsMedium
Solar CellsPerovskites, SiEfficiency, stability tradeoffsMedium
Defense RF SystemsLimited alternativesPerformance risk, design reworkHigh

Connected Elements

Elements often analyzed alongside Gallium.

GeGermaniumFiber optics, IR systemsSiSiliconChips, wafers, electronicsTaTantalumCapacitors, electronicsCuCopperPower, grid, electronicsNdNeodymiumMagnets, motorsDyDysprosiumMagnets, high performanceLiLithiumBatteries, energyWTungstenAlloys, high heat

How to Read This Profile

Periodic Engine modeled intelligence scores combine public source data, industry insights, supply-chain analysis, and technology relevance to assess strategic importance and risk.

Source Categories

USGS

U.S. Geological Survey

DOE

U.S. Department of Energy

IEA

International Energy Agency

EU Commission

EU Commission

PubChem

Chemical database

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Industry

Industry reports & associations

View MethodologyView All Sources
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